Kymi in Ancient Times
The existence of an ancient city named Kymi (Cumae) is mentioned by Strabo, who recorded that the city Cumae (Cuma) in Campania, Italy, was a colony of Evia (Euboea), specifically originating from the cities of Chalcis and Kymi, and took its name from Kymi in Evia.
This city is considered the first Greek colony in the West, founded in the 8th century BCE by Megasthenes of Chalcis and Hippoclides of Kymi. However, the existence of the ancient city of Kymi was disputed from the late 19th century onwards. Evian Kymi is minimally referenced in ancient sources, and no remains of a settlement that could be identified as ancient Kymi had been discovered.
Adamantios Sampson argued that there was no ancient city named Kymi, as it is not mentioned in ancient sources, suggesting that Kymi in Campania and in Aeolis were founded by residents of Kymi (Kymaic Territory). A similar opinion was expressed by Yiannis Papadimitriou, who pointed out that the region was organized into villages, from which etymologically the name Kymi originated.
Exploring the Archaeological Site of Viglatouri
In the broader area of Viglatouri Hill, near Oxylithos village, the ruins of ancient Kymi were discovered, constituting a remarkable archaeological find. The excavation, conducted from 1984 to 1994, revealed a settlement dating from the Mycenaean to the geometric period.
The location, with breathtaking views of the sea close to the Manikiatis River, reflects the significance of its geographical position and fertile plain, remaining a catalyst for inhabitants from prehistoric times to the Roman era.
The earliest evidence of habitation dates back to the Final Neolithic period, while the first residential phase of Kymi traces back to the Middle Helladic period (1900-1650 BCE).
Subsequently, during the Mycenaean period, few remains of buildings and ceramics have surfaced, with the peak of settlement corresponding to the geometric period. On the southwest side of the hill, the geometric settlement was identified, also showing signs of fortification. This settlement, leveraging the older architectural fabric, included a sanctuary, temple, houses, squares, and streets.
Kymi during that era appears to have been a city with significant trade ties, highlighting its importance as a bridge in the development of commerce from the north to the south and from the east to the west.
In Greece, the existence of ancient Kymi remained disputed for over a hundred years. The lack of references in ancient sources, the idea that the colony in Italy was Aeolian, and, above all, the ignorance regarding the exact location of the city due to the absence of remains from the colonization period, opened the door to discussions and doubts.
This gap was filled by excavations on Viglatouri Hill, which began in 1984 under the supervision of archaeologist E. Sapouna-Sakellaraki and continued for a decade.
Archaeological Site of Kastri in Ano Potamia Village
Tracing the footsteps of an ancient commercial settlement: On the volcanic hill of Kastri (or Agios Nikolaos), which rises northwest of the settlement of Ano Potamia, built on a rocky slope south of Kymi, remains of a settlement developed during the Classical and Hellenistic periods have been unearthed.
The findings brought to light by archaeological excavations testify that the settlement was a significant commercial and industrial center. They include, among others, stone-built cisterns, a metalworking kiln, clay weaving weights (used to hold the threads of the loom taut), parts of millstones, and several metallic objects.
Additionally, in the area, clay idols and tiles have been discovered, along with several bronze coins, most of which are from the Evian Confederacy and date back to the 3rd century BCE.
The settlement is surrounded by a robust fortification constructed of semi-carved megaliths, while at the summit of the hill, there are ruins of a smaller fortress, which likely served as an observation post.
From the engraved inscriptions discovered, it is speculated that there was a sanctuary dedicated to Achelous in the settlement, while one of the gates of the wall was dedicated to Hermes Propylaeus.
Beyond the ancient settlement, on the southern side of the hill, much older traces of human activity have been found, specifically from the Neolithic Period. The findings mainly consist of ceramic fragments dating back to the 4th millennium BCE.
The archaeological findings from Kastri Hill are exhibited in the Archaeological Collection located in Ano Potamia and housed in a building next to the Temple of “Koimisis tis Theotokou” (the Dormition of Holy Mary). The intriguing collection is visitable by appointment.
Kymi: From Byzantium and the Franks to Modern Times
Castle of Agios Georgios
The Castle of Agios Georgios, located on a hill north of the Monastery “Metamorfosi tis tou Sotiros” ( the Transfiguration of the Savior), is an archaeological landmark with a rich history. Constructed possibly around the 13th century, it was besieged and destroyed by the Turks around 1470.
Today, ruins of sections of the walls are preserved up to a height of 4 meters, drawing interest concerning the Byzantine and Frankish periods.
The location of the Castle of Agios Georgios, above the village of Chili and the Monastery of the Savior, provided strategic advantage and also served as a beacon (communication with flaming torches) for transmitting signals to various areas, including the Sporades islands and Mount Athos.
Lιcario, the knight of the region, undertook the renovation of the castle and played a significant role in its history. Born in Karystos, he was a Frank with Greek roots and served the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. The impressive position of the castle, atop a precipitous cliff, combined with the natural fortification of the terrain.
The chapel of Agios Georgios, located within the precinct of the castle, is an additional facet of the area's history. When the castle was abandoned, the chapel was rebuilt by the monks of the neighboring Monastery of the Savior.
Monastery Metamorfosi tou Sotiros
The Monastery of the Transfiguration of the Savior in Kymi is an impressive female monastery, built in a remote and rugged location that offers a unique view.
Its foundation dates back to the 16th century when persecuted monks from Mount Athos sought refuge from the Turks. The monastery's seal, dating back to 1643, attests to its history. In the 17th century, the monastery had a significant number of monks and served as a spiritual and religious center for the entire island of Evia.
During the Greek revolution in 1821, it suffered serious damage from the Turkish Pasha of Karystos, while it was reconstructed in 1847. During WW2, the monastery contributed to the support of the Greek resistance fighters. Since 1976, it has been converted into a female monastery, and today it constitutes an impressive architectural complex resembling a fortress.
On the northern side of the monastery, there is a fortified tower designed for defense against pirates. The monastery's library hosts rare manuscripts from the 18th and 19th centuries, while it possesses exceptional religious artifacts, among which a gold-embroidered epitaph from the 16th century stands out.
The monastery honors the memory of the Transfiguration of the Savior and celebrates on August 6th. Also, on December 20th, it honors Saint Ignatius, for whom a chapel has been dedicated in the northeast corner of the monastery.
Historical and Cultural Monuments of Kymi
Home of the Distinguished Doctor Papanikolaou, Inventor of the Pap Test
Tribute to the internationally renowned doctor: Kymi is the homeland of many prominent figures in science, literature, and the arts.
Prominent among them is the internationally renowned doctor George Papanikolaou, who invented the Pap test (Known as Pap Smear Test), revolutionizing the fields of cytology and gynecological diagnostics, thus preventing cervical cancer. For this significant discovery, the doctor from Kimi was nominated twice for the Nobel Prize.
Papanikolaou was born in Kymi on May 13, 1883, the son of the also doctor Nikolaos G. Papanikolaou, who served as mayor and member of parliament for Kymi. His paternal home, where he spent his early years, has been acquired by the Municipality of Kymi-Aliveri.
The impressive 19th-century mansion is being restored to house a future museum dedicated to the life and work of the great researcher. Currently, the Papanikolaou House hosts the Prevention Week as well as some events.
Folklore Museum of Kymi
One of the best folklore collections in Greece: In one of the central points of Kymi stands the Folklore Museum of the city, housed in a beautiful three-story neoclassical building from the 19th century.
The museum was founded in 1981 by the Cultural and Educational Association of Kymi; it is the largest folklore museum in Evia and is considered one of the best of its kind in Greece. Its collection comprises around 1,800 objects, most of which are donations from the people of Kymi, covering the period of the city's heyday from 1800 to 1930.
Among the exhibits highlighted in the ground floor halls are local costumes, military uniforms from the Balkan Wars, wooden carvings, sacred vessels, and a collection of jewelry. The ground floor also houses the Library Hall and the Archives Hall (photo, audio, film).
The exhibits on the upper floor are thematically divided and represent moments of traditional and urban life in Kymi. Particularly notable is the room of the loom with textiles, exceptional embroideries, and knitting.
In the room of prints and photographs, among other things, you will see exhibits (documents, photographs, tributes) related to the life of the internationally renowned doctor from Kymi, G. Papanikolaou, inventor of the Pap test. In the basement, the traditional candle workshop, the laundry room, the cellar, and agricultural tools are revived.
It is worth noting that the collection is organized and documented according to modern museological standards, while the Museum provides a multilingual guide to its exhibits.
In the Museum's garden, there is an outdoor theater with 250 seats, where theatrical performances, lectures, poetry nights, concerts, and film screenings take place – make sure to inquire about the event schedule during your visit.
Church of Panagia Liaoutsanissa
In the lush green settlement of Liaoutsanissa in Kymi, stands with imposing presence the Church of Panagia (Holy Mary), dedicated to the Dormition of the Theotokos.
The church, built in 1849, stands out as a monumental structure, measuring 20x12.5x18 meters, without adhering to any specific architectural plan. Inside, the marble sculpted iconostasis is impressive, as are the Corinthian capitals made of colorful marble from Skyros.
The sculptor Yiannoulis Halepas signs his work on the iconostasis and the ambon, created in 1892. The majestic throne, designed by the local engraver Ganosis, adds a sense of luxury, while the frescoes, the work of George Bililis, complete the rich aesthetic character of the church. Since 1965, the church has been declared a monument.
According to local myth, the icon of the Panagia was washed ashore in the area of Platana during the Revolution of 1821. Initially, it was transferred to the church of Agios Athanasios, but the next morning it was found near the church of Agios Charalambos, where the current church was built.
Kymi: Natural beauty and unique Activities for all Seasons
Embracing both mountain and sea, Kymi stands as a proud member of the esteemed Natura 2000 network. The topographic characteristics of the Municipality of Kymi define it as mountainous, meeting the rigorous criteria set forth by Nordregio for Europe's mountainous regions.
In close proximity lie lush forests and sandy shores, crafting a diverse tapestry on the second largest island of Greece. With an average annual temperature ranging from 15.5°-16.5°C, an annual rainfall averaging 1000mm-1100mm, and a relative humidity between 60%-62%, Kymi boasts a humid bioclimate, offering mild to cool winters as per the Climate Atlas of Greece from the Institute of Technology and Research.
Defined by three majestic mountain ranges, Kymi offers a gateway to traditional pursuits amidst natural wonders. Ortari, boasting the steepest descent to the sea in Europe, the verdant Kotylai to the west, and the majestic Octonia to the south, form a captivating backdrop for exploratory escapades.
Numerous mountain peaks, high plateaus, rugged stone bridges, and hidden lake trails beckon adventurers to hike, traverse gorges, scale peaks, cycle mountain trails, explore caves, and ascend rock faces. For thrill-seekers, the downhill bike track and the annual Rally Climbing event of Kymi provide adrenaline-pumping experiences against a backdrop of breathtaking vistas.
The seamless fusion of mountain and sea, verdant greenery and azure blues, renders Kymi and its neighboring villages an unparalleled destination catering to diverse interests. Whether one seeks the adrenaline rush of mountain adventures or the tranquil embrace of rugged coastal beaches for swimming and diving into enchanting depths, Kymi offers an unforgettable experience throughout every season of the year.
Thermal springs in Choneftiko
The healing power of nature: Located 3 kilometers from Kymi is the Choneftiko spring. Its thermal waters have been known for their healing properties since the 19th century and are believed to have a beneficial effect on kidney diseases, such as nephrolithiasis. In fact, by Presidential Decree of 1999, the Choneftiko spring was officially declared therapeutic and was included in the category of "local significance thermal springs".
The spring is located in a beautiful area full of trees, while the layout of the area to facilitate visitors is quite aesthetically pleasing, with paved paths, stone fountains, and wooden benches. It is worth taking a walk in the surrounding area with the little bridges over the stream, enjoying the sound of running water and the sense of nature's tranquility.
Next to the parking area, at the entrance of the spring, you will see the chapel of Panagia and a small monument in honor of the brothers Nikolaos and Panagiotis Hartsas, who were executed at the site by the Italian occupying forces in March 1942.
The ideal time to visit Choneftiko is spring when the stream is full of water and the trees are in full bloom, creating a magical scene.
Church of Panagia on the summit of ex-Volcanic Mount in Oxylithos village
In Greece, churches and temples are often found in beautiful and pristine locations. One such interesting example is the Panagia Oxyliothiotissa in Evia island, the only church in Greece built on a volcano on the summit called Tourla.
The village of Oxylio, built at an altitude of 190 meters, is the second largest village in the Municipality of Kymi, with fewer than 1000 inhabitants. The peculiar thing is that the village is built at the foot of an inactive volcano.
The church of Panagia Petrionissas or Panagia Chatirianissas is located in Oxylithos in Evia, built and painted at the end of the 13th century. The icon of Panagia, originating from the village of Petries, according to tradition, disappeared daily from the temple and appeared on a tree where the church is built today.
The church has a significant history and rich decorative frescoes. In its surroundings, the residents have placed cement tables, considered sacred, which are traditionally maintained by each family. On the eve of the Assumption, the custom of the festival with the preparation of the traditional stew takes place.
The breathtaking view from this point is awe-inspiring, as the visitor enjoys the magnificent view from Kymi to Oktonia, following the coastline to the beautiful beach of Mourteri. With the entire Aegean Sea spread out before it, each visitor experiences an exciting experience, while this view is simply an invaluable part of the magic that the area offers.
The Arch stone Bridges, Santas' Mill, and the Fairy Lake in Andronianoi village
Santas' Mill, the “Aloni” (threshing floor) of Stamataina, and the Fairy Lake are three fascinating destinations for every visitor. This experience truly deserves a visit to this earthly paradise. The location is enchanting, with vegetation creating a unique landscape reminiscent of the atmosphere of Eastern Pelion and Tzoumerka, contrary to the broader image of central and south Evia.
You can visit Andronianoi village and starting from an idyllic spot by the river, make a stop to enjoy the scenery. For those who want to hike further, there are several hiking trails starting from there and leading to the various villages around.
The location emerges as a truly magical destination that offers unique experiences, making it ideal for visitors of all ages and families.
The Fairy Houses, the small waterfall, and the path to the Fairy Lake, with its beautiful green trails, constitute an excellent combination of natural beauty and enchanting atmosphere.
Discover the arched stone bridge at "Santas' Mill" and enjoy magical moments of relaxation next to the flowing waters. Within the lush landscape of "Triklinos," the ruined watermill is depicted. Two classic arch stone bridges, built by craftsmen from Epirus in the late 19th century, connect the mill with the surrounding villages.
In the settlement of "Dendra," travel back in time and explore the history of the "Aloni of Stamataina." Experience the traditional threshing of wheat by the people of past centuries, enveloping yourself in the magic of the ruins that preserve the rich history of the place.
The Mystical Springs of Kolethra: Nature's Hidden Gem
A wonderful aquatic complex: A short distance from the village of Agios Vlasios and Konistres lies Kolethra, one of the largest springs in Evia and a rare natural attraction. The spring stands in the shadow of an imposing rock, within which there is an underground cave, forming part of a water complex consisting of smaller springs, streams, and sinkholes.
According to researchers, this natural network collects underground waters from Mount Mavrovouni, which rises to the west at an altitude of 1,190 meters and marks the eastern end of Dirfys. The water wealth of the spring irrigates 11 villages in the surrounding area.
The quantity of water from the spring depends on the season, as well as snowfall and rainfall each year. In winter and spring, the waters swell, creating a beautiful lake that feeds a rushing stream flowing southward and then flowing out after about 3 kilometers into the Manikiatis River.
In summer and autumn, the water level drops, leaving a visible basin about 10 meters deep.
The site is a magnet for nature lovers, while the cultural association of the village of Agios Vlasios has created a small recreational area at the entrance of the spring, where you can enjoy nature in all its glory.
The small path (300 meters) starting from there will lead you to the channels of the stream that feed the adjacent water mill, which is operational. The Kolethra Cave is also a "magnet" for experienced cave divers, having been explored to a length of 1,500 meters.
The Manikia Gorge: Evia's 'Grand Canyon' with the iconic Waterfall and Climbing Area
The Manikia Gorge, often referred to as the "Grand Canyon" of Evia island, showcases a stunning landscape characterized by towering cliffs, dense foliage, and crystal-clear waters. Flowing through this gorge is the Manikiatis River, known since ancient times as Nedon, which maintains a steady flow throughout the year, adding timeless beauty to the area.
Close to the village of Manikia in Evia, visitors can uncover a breathtaking waterfall, still relatively unexplored by the general public. Standing at approximately 20-25 meters in height, reaching it involves a hike of about 50 minutes, though there is an alternate route requiring less trekking. With its accompanying lake, the waterfall provides an ideal spot for gorge descents, canyoning and leisurely swims.
Exploring the internationally renowned climbing destination of Manikia, a group of French climbers stumbled upon the area in 2015, captivated by the unique quality and beauty of the rocks in the Manikia-Vryssi area and the broader Kymi region. Their collaboration with local authorities initiated the necessary approval and licensing procedures.
Thus, the journey begins in October 2018, when the team of French volunteer climbers began establishing the first routes. By the end of 2019, they had completed 350 routes, with a continual focus on adding new ones.
The presence of the French volunteer climbers and the development of the climbing area have injected new energy into the region. The Climbing Festival, "Petzl RocTrip 2022," held in the area, stands as a significant event, showcasing the interest and appreciation for the local climbing community.
The participation of experienced athletes, along with various events and musical performances, creates an immersive environment offering both entertainment and adventure.
The old Scenic Stone Water Mill in Vrysi Village
Visit the traditional water mill: The village of Vrysi is built on a small plateau surrounded by three streams originating by the spring of Kolethra, and streams of Ladonas, and Nedon. Taking the small dirt road just before the village, which stretches south of Konistres village, you will find the old water mill.
The area is beautiful, full of water and rich vegetation, while a visit to the spot is an opportunity to get to know the traditional way of washing thick clothes and carpets, based on the cleansing power of water.
A short distance from the water mill, near the village of Agios Vlasios, is the famous Kolethra spring with its lake and cave, from the underground network of which all the villages in the area are supplied with water.
The picturesque stone Double Arch Bridge in Monodri village
The stunning double-arch stone bridge in the village of Monodri is an impressive architectural work. Built in 1888 under the prime minister ship of Charilaos Trikoupis, the bridge keeps alive the tradition and history of the area.
The volcanic stone used for its construction comes from the neighboring Kipoi village, adding a special charm to the structure. In Upper Monodri, traditional houses with the characteristic architecture of the area are preserved, while the presence of a church with an imposing bell tower at the top of the hill adds even more beauty to this enchanting landscape.
The Manikiatis River adds a sense of natural charm and romance. Plane trees line the river, providing shade and tranquility, while the rich vegetation creates a colorful palette that exudes vitality and energy.
In this enchanting environment, the visitor is immersed in an atmosphere of tranquility and beauty, where nature emerges in all its grandeur.
Sources: Wikipedia Ministry of CultureCastles of GreeceDogma
